Volume 19, Issue 10, October 2019, Page 94-96.

Just as physics determines physically viable movements, the spatial distribution of input excitations allows the cerebellum to choose physiologically viable beams. Cerebellar–motor coherence implies that the ordering and modes of combination of cerebellar beams reflect (1) the way movement invariants are ordered and combined in movement and (2) the way physical principles are integrated in learning to move.

In recent years, several cases about the legal personhood of nonhuman animals garnered global attention, e.g. the recognition of ‘basic rights’ for the Argentinian great apes Sandra and Cecilia. Legal scholars have embraced the animal turn, blurring the once sovereign boundaries between persons and objects, recognising nonhuman beings as legal subjects. The zoonotic origins of the Covid-19 pandemic stress the urgency of establishing ‘global animal law’ and deconstructing anthropocentrism. To this end, it is vital to also consider the extensive premodern (...) legal history that humans share with other animals. Over 200 so-called animal trials have been documented in premodern Europe. In these proceedings, certain nonhuman animals—particularly domestic pigs—were prosecuted, often resulting in their capital punishment or anathema. This paper takes a history of ideas approach to these historical instances where Western philosophy of law and philosophical anthropology intersect, problematising the notion that such trials constitute wholesome precedents of the kind of legal personhood presently debated in jurisprudence. My counter-hegemonic analysis of the legal prosecution and execution of several pigs in fifteenth-century France demonstrates that late mediaeval notions of criminality transcended the alleged human-nonhuman divide whilst reaffirming and reifying human distinctiveness. I propose that pig trials were local laboratories where Christian communities reflected upon the natural hierarchy of God’s creation. Ensuing the apparent breach of the prescribed boundaries of nature, these communities renegotiated and re-naturalised everyday interspecies sociability by utilising the offending animals to exemplify particular norms about what it means to be human, generally to the animals’ detriment. (shrink)

Volume 20, Issue 9, September 2020, Page 36-38.

Although Phillips & Singer's proposal of commonalities seems sound, information theory and artificial neural network modeling omit important detail. An example is given of a distributed neural transformation that has been characterized mathematically and found to have both overall commonalities and differences of detail in different regions. P&S's contextual field is compared to inclusive regions in a formalism relevant for modeling bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence.

Although the idea that cognitive structure changes as we learn is welcome, a variety of mathematical structures are needed to model the neural and cognitive processes involved. A specific example of bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence is given, building on a formalism given elsewhere. As the structure of cognition changes, previous learning can become tacit, adding to the complexity of cognition and its modeling.

Many mathematicians have a rich internal world of mental imagery. Using elementary mathematical skills, this study probes the mathematical imagination's sensorimotor foundations. Mental imagery is perturbed using body position: having the head and vestibular system in different positions with respect to gravity. No two mathematicians described the same imagery. Eight out of 11 habitually visualize, one uses sensorimotor imagery, and two do not habitually used mental imagery. Imagery was both intentional and partly autonomous. For example, coordinate planes rotated, drifted, wobbled, (...) or slid down from vertical to horizontal. Parabolae slid into place or, on one side, a parabola arm reached upward in gravity. The sensorimotor foundation of imagery was evidenced in several ways. The imagery was placed with respect to the body. Further, the imagery had a variety of relationships to the body, such as the body being the coordinate system or the coordinate system being placed in front of the eyes for easy viewing by the mind's eye. The mind's eye, mind's arm, and awareness almost always obeyed the geometry of the real eye and arm. The imagery and body behaved as a dyad, so that the imagery moved or placed itself for the convenience of the mind's eye or arm, which in turn moved to follow the imagery. With eyes closed, participants created a peripersonal imagery space, along with the peripersonal space of the unseen environment. Although mathematics is fundamentally abstract, imagery was sometimes concrete or used a concrete substrate or was placed to avoid being inside concrete objects, such as furniture. Mathematicians varied in the numbers of components of mental imagery and the ways they interacted. The autonomy of the imagery was sometimes of mathematical interest, suggesting that the interaction of imagery habits and autonomy can be a source of mathematical creativity. (shrink)

In the new physics and in the new field of cosmometry, 1 it is the fundamental pattern that results in the motion from which all is created. Everything starts with the point of infinite potential. The tetrahedron at the point gives birth to the cuboctahedron ; its motion and structure result in the creation of the torus structure. The torus structure is self-referencing on a moment by moment basis since all must pass through the center. But isn't self-referencing the basis (...) for consciousness? It is said that all of creation has awareness, but at different levels. We know plants are aware of threats and of death to other living creatures by the work of Cleve Backster. We know we influence random number generators from the PEAR studies at Princeton. We know baby chicks will influence the movement of robots programed to do a random walk from the work of Rene Peoc'h. Quantum physics has embraced geometry with the work in the equations which explain the Feynman diagrams where particles come in and out of existence; those equations form a structure called the Amplituhedron - which is a quarter of a star tetrahedron. We also know that the tetrahedron can form the star tetrahedron and that each point of the star tetrahedron can form its own star tetrahedron, which can go on infinitely. That is, there is infinity in the finite. As in the fractal and holographic universe, each point or tetrahedron is connected to every other point. If each point has awareness due to formation of the torus, then Hermes teaching of "As above, as below" has meaning in the torus structure. If the torus is the fundamental unit of self-reference, is that the fundamental unit from which consciousness arises? The torus or double torus appears to be fundamental to all of creation - from galaxies to planets to atoms to photons. (shrink)

The mathematical approach to such essentially biological phenomena as perseverative reaching is most welcome. To extend these results and make them more accurate, levels of analysis and neural centers should he distinguished. The navigational nature of sensorimotor control should be characterized more clearly, including the continuous dynamics of neural processes hut not limited to it. In particular, discrete conditions should be formalized mathematically as part of the biological process.

Die Aussagen der Konfirmanden habe ich, wie im Anfang bereits erwähnt, in verschiedene Sachgebiete aufgeteilt. Die aufgeführten Aussagen stehen für eine Reihe von Konfirmanden, die hinsichtlich der Sachgebiete in übereinstimmender Weise reagiert haben. Zu A) Zweifel an der Existenz Gottes Der auf die Realität des konkreten Alltags ausgerichtete Konfirmand vermißt eine sichtbare und greifbare Offenbarung Gottes. Der Glaube ist noch nicht gefestigt genug, um an den unsichtbaren Gott, an seinem Wort Halt zu finden. Diese Kinder erhoffen, daß Gott doch für (...) sie da ist, auch wenn sie noch nicht glauben können, nicht im Glauben Gottes Gegenwart erfahren. Anstoß und Ärgernis ruft die als unverständlich gewertete Ausdrucksweise der Bibel hervor, die ihnen Gottes Nähe eher verdunkelt, anstatt zu erhellen. Zu B) Sinn des Leides und Leidens Leid und Leiden sind schon recht verständig eingeordnet in den Heilsplan Gottes mit den Menschen im Erdendasein. Es wird als eindringlicher Fingerzeig auf die Führung und Fügung Gottes angesehen, als eine Wegweisung aus der Anonymität kirchlicher Gleichgültigkeit in die persönliche Nähe Gottes und ehrfürchtige Anbetung seines Namens. Sie sehen es auch an als eine Prüfung der Glaubensstärke und Beständigkeit. Zu C) Existenzielle Wandlung durch Gottes Wort Das Vorbild, das "Fremderleben", die Erfahrung der Umkehr zum Glauben, erlebt am Mitmenschen, bewirkt bei den Konfirmanden eine Eigenbesinnung. Ob es sich um die innere Wandlung eines Religionslehrers, um die erreichte Gebetsfähigkeit eines Gliedes der Evgl. Jungschar oder um glaubenweckende Diskussionen innerhalb der Konfirmandengemeinschaft handelt, spielt dabei keine Rolle. Zu D) Bekennen und Verleugnen Das persönliche Bekenntnis zum Christenglauben in der Öffentlichkeit wird, von Ausnahmen abgesehen, als undurchführbar abgelehnt. Der Verlust des Ansehens bei den Schulkameraden und Freunden wird als zu hoher Preis gegenüber dem Wert des öffentlichen Christusbekenntnisses eingeschätzt. Das Verhalten gegenüber spöttisch lachenden Kameraden bewegt sich zwischen Widerspruch, Mitmachen, einem Sich-still-Verhalten und einem Bedauern des Spötters bei den an sich glaubensernsten Konfirmanden. Zu Hause, abends in der Stille der Stube ohne Beisein Gleichaltriger kommt es zum Bekenntnis. Es ist neben der Bekenntnisscheu auch guter Vorsatz vorhanden, im Leben Halt im Glauben zu finden. Zu E) Der säkularisierte Mensch unserer Tage vergißt Gott Auch hier ist die Skala der Aussagen zwischen extremen Höhen- und Tiefpunkten von sehr kontrastierenden Auffassungen ausgefüllt. Einmal die Ablenkung des Menschen von Gott durch fortschreitende Technisierung und Automatisierung des alltäglichen Lebens - bis hin zum Götzendienst an einer verselbständigten, zur Allmacht erhobenen Technik! Daneben das Aufzeigen der Grenze zwischen menschlicher Ohnmacht und göttlicher Macht im Versagen menschlicher Erfindungen, wenn Gott es will! . Zu F) Stimme des Guten und Bösen im Gewissen Das schlechte Gewissen im Frühstadium des Glaubens hat noch Angst vor Strafe zum Inhalt, ist also ganz diesseitig bestimmt. Darum kann sich dann "in einer gewissen Kraft" von außen allmählich das göttliche Eingreifen manifestieren, und auch Mut machen zum öffentlichen Bekennen des begangenen Unrechts. Die psychische Entlastung und Erleichterung nach dem Schuldbekenntnis wirkt sich physisch aus: "als löse die Last der Sünde sich auf meinen Schultern auf"16. Neben der Angst vor Strafe findet sich auch die Erkenntnis: Strafe ist notwendig, damit Wiederholung von Unrecht vermieden werde. Wird alles mit dem Samtmäntelchen verzeihender Scheinliebe zugedeckt, kann es zur Nivellierung des Gewissens, zum Einschläfern seiner lebendigen Funktion führen. Zu G) Kritik am elterlichen Einsegnungsverständnis als traditionsgebundene, kirchlich-gesellschaftliche Verpflichtung Das nachdenkliche, für Glaubensfragen aufgeschlossene Konfirmandenkind spürt sehr bald, wenn die Eltern in der kirchlichen Erziehung inkonsequent sind, d. h. wenn sie die Zurüstung und die Konfirmation nur als eine äußere Form ansehen. Der Konflikt entsteht, wenn bei den Konfirmanden aufgrund von persönlichen Gruppengesprächen und Einzelgesprächen mit dem Pfarrer eine tiefere Bindung an Gottes Wort und Gemeinde sich anbahnt, die über die zwei Konfirmandenjahre hinausreicht. Hart stoßen sich die Gegensätze zwischen den Generationen: Das kirchlich-gesellschaftliche Verständnis von Unterricht und Einsegnung bei den Eltern- die geistlich ausgerichtete Kontaktsehnsucht nach bleibender Gemeinschaft in Gottes Wort und Kirche bei dem Konfirmandenkind. Zu H) Jesus als Nothelfer Neben Rettung vor dem Erstickungstod beim Bau einer unterirdischen Erdhöhle oder der Bewahrung eines Arbeiters vor einem tödlichen Betriebs-unfall in einer Gießerei, sind besonders eindrücklich die Glaubensaussagen der Konfirmandenkinder in der Kriegs- und unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit. Der Schrecken des letzten Krieges, die Entbehrungen danach prägen sich hier im Bewußtsein der 14/15jährigen Konfirmanden sehr plastisch aus. Die Panik in einer Kohlengrube während eines Fliegerangriffes, der Mangel an Brot und Feuerung, die Bestürzung über den Verlust einer Lebensmittel-karte, und überall Jesus als Helfer, das ist sehr echt und realistisch dem Leben nachgebildet. (shrink)

A review of the work of David Finkelstein and others on quantum topology is given, the intention being to present physical ideas and a progress report, which will help readers with the more detailed papers. Some new approaches involving walks on graphs are presented.

Nervous systems are intricately organized on many levels of analysis.The intricate organization invites the development of mathematicalsystems that reflect its logical structure. Particular logical structures and choices of invariants within those structures narrowthe ranges of perceptions that are possible and sensorimotorcoordination that may be selected. As in quantum logic, choicesaffect outcomes.Some of the mathematical tools in use in quantum logic havealready also been used in neurobiology, including the mathematicsof ordered structures and a product like a tensor product. Astheoretical neurobiology is (...) developed on its own foundation, wemay expect a rich dialogue between theoretical neurobiology andquantum logic. (shrink)

The authors' review of alternative models for reading is of great value in identifying issues and progress in the field. More emphasis should be given to distinguishing between models that offer an explanation for behavior and those that merely simulate experimental data. An analysis of a model's discrete structure can allow for comparisons of models based upon their inherent dimensionality and explanatory power.

BackgroundAmidst expanding roles in education and policy making, questions have been raised about the ability of Clinical Ethics Committees (CEC) s to carry out effective ethics consultations (CECons). However recent reviews of CECs suggest that there is no uniformity to CECons and no effective means of assessing the quality of CECons. To address this gap a systematic scoping review of prevailing tools used to assess CECons was performed to foreground and guide the design of a tool to evaluate the quality (...) of CECons.MethodsGuided by Levac et al’s (2010) methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews, the research team performed independent literature reviews of accounts of assessments of CECons published in six databases. The included articles were independently analyzed using content and thematic analysis to enhance the validity of the findings.ResultsNine thousand sixty-six abstracts were identified, 617 full-text articles were reviewed, 104 articles were analyzed and four themes were identified – the purpose of the CECons evaluation, the various domains assessed, the methods of assessment used and the long-term impact of these evaluations.ConclusionThis review found prevailing assessments of CECons to be piecemeal due to variable goals, contextual factors and practical limitations. The diversity in domains assessed and tools used foregrounds the lack of minimum standards upheld to ensure baseline efficacy.To advance a contextually appropriate, culturally sensitive, program specific assessment tool to assess CECons, clear structural and competency guidelines must be established in the curation of CECons programs, to evaluate their true efficacy and maintain clinical, legal and ethical standards. (shrink)

The article highlights certain aspects of the obscured structure of the number, which occur irregularly in the teaching of numeracy in Preschool Education. Its absence, as an effect, leads to the child's misunderstanding of the concept of number. In the presymbolic stage, the number is taught through the word. Structural particularities are found in the semantics and phonetics of the number word and are substantial in the processes of speech and listening. The objectives are to make known the obscured structure (...) of the number and its elements and to analyze the nature of the name of the number. It is justified that the basis of the word "ONE" are the first sound manifestations of the infant. It states that there is the same and equal relationship between the acquisition of knowledge of language and speech with the acquisition of knowledge of number through the development of tonal auditory balance. Methodology: the theoretical analysis of the structural parts (semantics and phonosemantics) of the number and the identification of reciprocal correlation between the constructions of the knowledge of spoken numeral word in Preschool Education through the implemented technology. Contribution: the development of the method for learning the concept of number. (shrink)

IntroductionClinical ethics committees (CECs) support and enhance communication and complex decision making, educate healthcare professionals and the public on ethical matters and maintain standards of care. However, a consistent approach to training members of CECs is lacking. A systematic scoping review was conducted to evaluate prevailing CEC training curricula to guide the design of an evidence-based approach.MethodsArksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was used to evaluate prevailing accounts of CEC training published in six databases. Braun and Clarke’s (...) thematic analysis approach was adopted to thematically analyse data across different healthcare and educational settings.Results7370 abstracts were identified, 92 full-text articles were reviewed and 55 articles were thematically analysed to reveal four themes: the design, pedagogy, content and assessment of CEC curricula.ConclusionFew curricula employ consistent approaches to training. Many programmes fail to provide CEC trainees with sufficient knowledge, skills and experience to meet required competencies. Most programmes do not inculcate prevailing sociocultural, research, clinical and educational considerations into training processes nor provide longitudinal support for CEC trainees. Most CEC training programmes are not supported by host institutions threatening the sustainability of the programme and compromising effective assessment and longitudinal support of CEC trainees. While further reviews are required, this review underlines the need for host organisations to support and oversee a socioculturally appropriate ethically sensitive, clinically relevant longitudinal training, assessment and support process for CEC trainees if CECs are to meet their roles effectively. (shrink)

This paper explores the dilemma faced by mental healthcare professionals in balancing treatment of mental disorders with promoting patient well-being and flourishing. With growing calls for a more explicit focus on patient flourishing in mental healthcare, we address two inter-related challenges: the lack of consensus on defining positive mental health and flourishing, and how professionals should respond to patients with controversial views on what is good for them. We discuss the relationship dynamics between healthcare providers and patients, proposing that ‘liberal’ (...) approaches can provide a pragmatic framework to address disagreements about well-being in the context of flourishing-oriented mental healthcare. We acknowledge the criticisms of these approaches, including the potential for unintended paternalism and distrust. To mitigate these risks, we conclude by suggesting a mechanism to minimize the likelihood of unintended paternalism and foster patient trust. (shrink)

Although considerable attention has been paid to the application of leadership in virtual communities, the field of live streaming has not been involved. This exploratory study aimed to explore how different broadcaster leadership traits influence audiences’ loyalty. And audience self-construal was chosen as a key moderator. The top 15 broadcasters from the regional rankings were selected from each of the two popular live streaming platforms, Douyu and YouTube, for the study. And we used snowball sampling with a link to an (...) online questionnaire as a recruitment procedure. 310 audiences with live streaming experience from the Chinese Mainland and Taiwan participated. Hierarchical linear modeling was adopted for the analysis. This study found that broadcasters with servant and charismatic leadership traits positively affected cognitive loyalty. Broadcasters with servant leadership traits also had a positive effect on conative loyalty. Additionally, independent self-construal negatively moderated the relationship between servant leadership and cognitive loyalty. Independent self-construal positively moderated the relationship between authoritarian leadership and conative loyalty. Furthermore, interdependent self-construal negatively moderated the relationship between charismatic leadership and conative loyalty. Interdependent self-construal positively moderated the relationship between authoritarian leadership and conative loyalty. These conclusions extend the understanding of broadcasters’ traits and audiences’ psychology concerning the booming phenomenon of live streaming and can help platform managers motivate audiences’ loyalty on these platforms. (shrink)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has changed the healthcare landscape drastically. Stricken by sharp surges in morbidity and mortality with resource and manpower shortages confounding their efforts, the medical community has witnessed high rates of burnout and post-traumatic stress amongst themselves. Whilst the prevailing literature has offered glimpses into their professional war, no review thus far has collated the deeply personal reflections of physicians and ascertained how their self-concept, self-esteem and perceived self-worth has altered during this crisis. Without adequate intervention, this may (...) have profound effects on their mental and physical health, personal relationships and professional efficacy.MethodsWith mentions of the coronavirus pervading social media by the millions, this paper set out to collate and thematically analyse social media posts containing first-person physician reflections on how COVID-19 affected their lives and their coping mechanisms. A consistent search strategy was employed and a PRISMA flowchart was used to map out the inclusion/exclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 590 social media posts were screened, 511 evaluated, and 108 included for analysis. Salient themes identified include Disruptions to Personal Psycho-Emotional State, Disruptions to Professional Care Delivery, Concern for Family, Response from Institution, Response from Society and Coping Mechanisms.ConclusionIt is evident that the distress experienced by physicians during this time has been manifold, multi-faceted and dominantly negative. Self-concepts were distorted with weakened self-esteem and perceived self-worth observed. The Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) was adopted to explain COVID-19’s impact on physician personhood as it considers existential, individual, relational and social concepts of the self. These entwined self-concepts serve as ‘compensatory’ to one another, with coping mechanisms buffering and fortifying the physician’s overall personhood. With healthcare institutions playing a vital role in providing timely and targeted support, it was further proposed that a comprehensive assessment tool based on the RToP could be developed to detect at-risk physicians and evaluate the presence and effectiveness of established support structures. (shrink)